Preposition in , on , and at

Prepositions : In, On, and At (with specific times and places)
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place.

In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English there are three. Just remember that in usually indicates the “largest” time or place, and at usually indicates the “smallest” time or place.
Examples:
A: Where’s your office?
B: In Taipei, Taiwan.
A: Really? What part of Taipei?
B: It’s on Chung Shan North Road.
A: I know that area. Where exactly is it?
B: It’s at 105 Chung Shan North Road, next to the bookstore.


C: When is the wedding?
D: It’s in June.
C: What day?
D: It’s on Saturday, the 25th.
C: What time?
D: It starts at 6:00.


Prepositions with articles and locations
When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc. For example:

at the swimming pool (on site) - in the swimming pool (in the
pool itself i.e. in the water)
at the post office/bank (general) - in the post office/bank (inside the building)
at the zoo (visitors—general area) - in the zoo (animals in their cages)
at school in the classroom


Sample sentences:
I met my wife at the theater. (while watching a movie)
I spilled my drink in the theater (on the floor of the building)
She works at the library on Wednesdays.
She found a rare coin in the library (building).
Dr. Jones works at the hospital every day.
John was in the hospital for a week with a broken leg.
For school, prison, and church, the is used to indicate the building. No article indicates the general situation.

Where’s Dad?
in church (attending services) = in the church (fixing the windows)
at church = at the church
in prison (He committed a crime.) = at the prison (visiting his friend)

Passive Voice

Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verbs using this construction and the passages in which they are used.

The Generic Structure/Formula :
• Active : S + V active + O
• Passive : O + to be + V3 + by + S
Passive Voice in Tenses :
1. Simple Present Tense
•Active : V1(es /s)
•Passive : To be(is, am, are) + V3
2. Past tense
•Active : V2(ed)
•Passive : To be(was, were) + V3
3. Past Continuous Tense
•Active : To be(is, am, are) + V ing
To be(was, were) + Ving
•Passive : To be(is, am, are) + Being V3
To be(was, were) + Being V3
4. Present Perfect Continuou s Tense
•Active : been + V ing
•Passive : been + being V3
5. Future Tense
•Active : Be + V ing
•Passive : Be + being V3

ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT

Formal expressions:
Ø I wonder if you remember.....
Ø You remember...., don’t you?
Ø You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
Ø Don’t you remember.....?
Ø Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:
Ø Let me think, yes, I remember.
Ø I remember especially the scenery.
Ø I’ll never forget that
Ø I’ll always remember.
Ø I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:
Ø Remember the old house we used to live in?
Ø Remember that?
Ø I’m sorry I don’t remember.

Ways to respond:
Ø Hold on. Yes, got it!
Ø I know.....
Ø It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:
Ø Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
Ø I’m affraid I forget.
Ø I really can’t remember.
Ø I’m afraid I have no memory of him
Ø Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
Ø Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example..
It was Sunday morning, wati got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.
Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Wati : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Wati : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day !

Offering

offering

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Soni : Would you like a cup of tea, Mr.Brown?
Mr. Brown : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
Soni : thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Ways to say it

* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?

Ofering to friends:

* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:

* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

Declining an offering

* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:

* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

Simple Future

The definition of future tense

The future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future.

The simple future is used :

to talk about things that will happen at a time later than now.

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

[S + will + verb1]

Examples:

You will help him later.

Will you help him later?

You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

[S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb]

Examples:

You are going to meet Jane tonight.

Are you going to meet Jane tonight?

You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Examples:

• I will send you the information when I get it.

• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.

• Will you help me move this heavy table?

• Will you make dinner?

• I will not do your homework for you.

• I won't do all the housework myself!

• A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.

• A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.

• A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise

"Will" is usually used in promises.

Examples:

• I will call you when I arrive.

• If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.

• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.

• Don't worry, I'll be careful.

• I won't tell anyone your secret.

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.

Examples:

• He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

• She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.

• A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.

USE 3 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.

Examples:

• The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.

• The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.

• John Smith will be the next President.

• John Smith is going to be the next President.

• The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.

• The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.

In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.

No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.

Examples:

• When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct

• When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You will never help him.

• Will you ever help him?

• You are never going to meet Jane.

Are you ever going to meet Jane?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active

• The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive

• Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active

• A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive

The Formula with verb sentence :

Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object

Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object

Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object

Example :

owyendz will visit tokyo(+)

Nissa will not visit India(-)

Will shasya visit china? (?)

Noun Phrases

Definition

Noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR, A NOUN PHRASE HAS FOUR COMPONENTS:

1. The head

Is the hub, the center of Attraction (as it were) of the noun phrase; it is the noun or pronoun around which the other parts gather together. The head determines concord with the portion of the sentence Outside the noun phrase. Thus:

1.The change in the Asian

economies is unprecedented.

2.The changes in Japan’s economy

are most unexpected.

2. Pre-Modifiers

Consists of all the words place before the head. These words are usually determiners, adjectives and nouns. Thus:

1.That sophisticated city woman (“That”(determiner), sophisticated” (adjective), “city” (noun); woman (head)

2.Many honest down and out small-town businessmen (“Many” (determiner), “honest” (adjective), “down and out” (adjective phrase), “small-town” (noun); businessmen (head))

3. Post-Modifier

Comprises words in the noun phrase that follow the head. These words usually consist of prepositional phrases, nonfinite clauses, and relative clauses.

Thus:

1.The talkative man in the center of the room … (prepositional phrase)

2.All the women walking on the bik path …(non- finite clause)

3.The house that I purchased for my third husband … (restrictive relative clause)

4.The house, which my partner and i bought a month after we met, …(non- restrictive relative clause)

4. Apposition

Arelated concept is apposition, a construction usually involving two noun phrases that refer to the same entity (noun or pronoun). Examples:

1. That president, Abraham Lincoln, lives in the hearts …

2. Her dog, sixteen years old and nearly blind with cataract, greeted …

3. The book was written by Jane Doe, a pioneering seventeenth century veterinarian.

Although these examples are non-restrictive,

apposition can be restrictive as well:

1. The book is written by Jane Doe the local veterinarian.

Apposition can also take the form of a

prepositional phrase:

1.… until the twin curses of famine and pestilence are lifted from the brows of mankind. (The “twin curses” are “famine and pestilence”).

The function of Noun phrase

Subject

v Example :

The children play on the forest.

Object

v Example :

My mother buys a basket of

vegetables.

Complement

v Example :

Bogor is a rainy location.

The basic structure of Noun phrase

Phrase consist minimally of a head this means,in one word Phrase Like “boy” the head is“boy” in Langer phrase a string of Elements My appear before the head.

Example : The naughty boy.

Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (Vbase+ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.

Example:

ü Passing the exam

ü Watching TV

ü Preparing the equipment

ü Sliding down a rope

ü Going to school

ü Diving board

Finite Verbs

Definition:

A form of the verb with a distinction in tense. A finite verb works with the subject of a sentence to give a sense of completeness. Contrast with nonfinite verb (or verbal).

Etymology:

From the Latin, "end"

Examples and Observations:

• "When you use a verb to form a sentence, you use it in its finite form, that is, its conjugated form. Verb conjugation will show tense, person, and number, as in She won the game (past tense, third person, singular) or They will run around the bases (future tense, third person, plural)."
  
  

• "Finite verbs can be recognized by their form and their position in the sentence. Here are some of the things to look for when you are trying to identify the finite verbs in a sentence:
1. Most finite verbs can take an -ed or a -d at the end of the word to indicate time in the past: cough, coughed; celebrate, celebrated. A hundred or so finite verbs do not have these endings [see Principal Parts of Irregular Verbs].

2. Nearly all finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to indicate the present when the subject of the verb is third-person singular: cough, he coughs; celebrate, she celebrates. The exceptions are auxiliary verbs like can and must. Remember that nouns can also end in -s. Thus the dog races can refer to a spectator sport or to a fast-moving third-person singular dog.

3. Finite verbs are often groups of words that include such auxiliary verbs as can, must, have, and be: can be suffering, must eat, will have gone.

4. Finite verbs usually follow their subjects: He coughs. The documents had compromised him. They will have gone.

5. Finite verbs surround their subjects when some forms of a question are asked: Is he coughing? Did they celebrate?

News Item

News Item: is factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

The purpose of a news item is to inform the listener or viewers about events of the day whice are considered newsworthy or important.

Social function of news item is : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic structure:

♠Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form

♠Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.

♠Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features:

♣Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.

♣Generally using Simple Past Tense .

♣Use of Material Processes to retell the event.

♣Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.

♣Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell

♣Focus on Circumstances

Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.

Example: Town ‘Contaminated’

Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.

2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used

Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004

Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003- 2004.

3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.

Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis

Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.

4.To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.

Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.

Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.

5.Headlines are not always complete sentences.

Example: More earthquakes in India.

Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in India

Introductory It

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase

We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)

Example:

ž It is easy to learn English. (=To learn English is easy.)

ž It is easy to find fault with others. (=To find fault with others is easy.)

ž It is difficult to know his motive. (=To know his motive is difficult.)

ž It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.

ž It is dangerous to play with fire.

ž It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

Note: that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.

When the subject is a gerund phrase

When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’

Example:

ž It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the manager won’t be any good.)

ž It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)

ž Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good?)

ž It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)

Note: that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.

Then the subject is a clause

When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with it. So instead of saying ‘That he was once a communist is true’, we say, ‘It is true that he was once a communist’.

Example:

— It does not matter whether he comes or not. (Whether he comes or not does not matter.)

— It is required that he should pay the fine. (That he should pay the fine is required.)

— It is clear that he overheard our conversation. (That he overheard our conversation is clear.)

— It is clear that you are not interested in this offer. (That you are not interested in the offer is clear.)

— It cannot be denied that they tried their best to help him. (That they tried their best to help him cannot be denied)

— It doesn’t matter whether we buy it now or later. (Whether we buy it now or later does not matter. )

Introductory it with seem, appear and look

Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.

Example:

ž It looked doubtful whether she would come

ž It seemed strange that she should behave like that.

ž It seems possible that she may quit the job.

ž It appeared unwise to offend him.

Introductory it as an object

It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.

Example:

} Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?

} I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.

} I think it odd that she doesn’t write to me these days.

} I think it a pity that she could not win.

} We think it improper that he should be so dictatorial.

} He made it clear what he wanted.

} I find it difficult to talk to him.

Introductory it in questions

The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.

Example:

ž Who was it that broke the window?
It is Peter who broke the window.

ž Why was it that he stole the bread?
It was because he was poor that he stole the bread.

ž When was it that the manager came?
It was at 10 am that the manager came.

Descriptive Text

Purpose:

To describe a particular place/ thing/ person


Text Organization:

^ Identification (mention the special participant)
^ Description (mention the part, quality, and characteristics of subject being described)


Language Features:

^ The use of adjectives and compound adjectives.
e.g. :
- a five hundred seated football stadium.
- a beautiful ancient Roman opera house.

^ The use of Linking Verbs/ relating verbs.
e.g. :
- The temple is so magnificent.
- The temple consists of five terraces.

^ The use of Simple Present Tense
e.g. :
- The museum houses hundreds of Greek Statues.
- The hotel provides 450 rooms and a large swimming pool.

^ The use of degree of comparison
e.g. :
- The weather in Jakarta is hotter than Bandung.
- Bogor has the same weather as Ungaran.

Bandengan Beach

Bandengan Beach or Tirta Samudra Beach is the famous beach in jepara. the place is very beautiful and romantic. people around Jepara, Kudus, Demak knows this place.

This place is located 7 kilometers north of Jepara city center. The way to get there is very easy. Just follow the traffic sign and you will find it. From the town square, follow the road to Bangsri then turn left when reached kuwasen village. You can take public transportation or by your own vehicle.

The white sandy beach which has pure water is good for swimming. The beach is save enough for swimming because the beach is shallow and the wave is not so big. This place is more beautiful at dusk. We can see the beautiful sunset with our family or friends.

In this location, we can sit and relax on the shelter while enjoy the natural beach breezy wind. It also has large pandan tree field. It is suitable for youngster activities such as camping.

If we want to sail, we can rent the traditional boat owned by local people. We can make voyage around the beach or we can go to pulau panjang (panjang island). Some time we can find banana boat and jet ski for rent.

In this place we can find many traditional footstalls. We can order traditional foods sold by the trader such as roasted fish, crab, boiled shell. Pindang srani is one of the delicious food enjoyed by the visitors.

come to the bandengan beach and you will find a paradise on the tips of Muria peninsula.

Direct & Indirect Speech

Direct speech is a speaker’s actual words. In writing, we write a direct speech with quotation marks ("......")

Indirect speech is a report of what the announcer has said.

Example :

1. Comand / request

v Direct : Mrs. Chandra said to Vita "Don't wory about it."

v Indirect : Mrs. Chandra told Vita not to wory about it.

2. Question

v Direct : Vita asked "Are you a journalist?“

v Indirect : Vita asked if / whether I was journalist.

3. Statement

v Direct : Mr. Chandra said "I worked hard yesterday.“

v Indirect : Mr. Chandra said that he worked hard the day before

In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".

v Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"

v Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

v Direct : Hamid said, "Sinta, come here!"

v Indirect : Hamid told Sinta to come here.

v Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"

v Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.

Indirect speech : a report of what the announcer has said.

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :

1. Imperrative (command / request)
If you put a command into indirect speech, you remain changing of the person, backshift of tenses and changing of
expression of time. The form is mostly: to or not to + infinitive.

Affirmative Commands

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Mother said toSulfikha, “Sulfikha, sweep the floor, please”	Mother told Silfikha to sweep the floor.
Anjarach said to Yusni, “ turn on the fan, please.”	Anjarach told Yusni to turn on the fan.”
Arya Wiwaha said to Setyadi, “ Setyadi, buy me a bottle of minute maid pulpy orange, please.”	Arya Wiwaha told Setyadi to buy a bottle of minute maid pulpy orange.

Negative Commands

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Teacher said to Allan, ‘’Allan dont go closethe window’’	The Theacher asked Allan not to close the window
Mother said to me, ‘’don’t switch the channel’’	Mother told to me not to go the channel
Nolan said to me’’ dont go anywhere after you done your home work’’	Nolan told me to not to go anywhere after I had done my home work

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple Wisnu said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple Wisnu said it was cold.
Present continuous Mr. Medianto said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous Mr. Medianto said he was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple Sulfikha said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple Sulfikha said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous Mr. Yusni said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous Mr. Yusni said he had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple Mr. Setiady said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect Mr. Setiady said he had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous Mr. Arya Wiwaha said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous Mr. Arya Wiwaha said he had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect Kristian said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect Kristian said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous Vangelis said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous Vangelis said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

REMEMBER! You must change the time signals when the direct sentences contain expressions of time. Look at the examples below.

Direct Speech : The annoncer said, “ The accident happened yesterday night.”

Indirect Speech : The annoncetr said that the accident had happened the night

before.

Indirect Speech : Rhomedal said, “ Justin is at the kampung lauk now.”

Reported Speech : Rhomedal said that Justin was at the kampung lauk then.

Expressions of time if reported on a different day

This (evening) That (evening)

Today Yesterday

These (days) Those (days)

Now Then

(a week) ago (a week) before

Last weekend The weekend before last / the previous weekend

Here There

Next (week) The following (week)

Tomorrow The next/following day